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Tour a Cigar FactoryA couple of us at PipesandCigars.com had the truly magnificent opportunity to fly to Honduras and tour a cigar making operation. Our gracious hosts were Julio and Christian Eiroa of Caribe Cigars, makers of the esteemed Camacho, Baccarat and many other brands. The experience was captivating watching Christian speak of his family's traditions and learning the art of cigar making. In this section you will find pictures of our tour as well as descriptions thereof. Enjoy!
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The miniscule seeds are planted in flat nursery beds, usually above ground, so they can be better maintained. The seedbeds are covered by cheesecloth, similar to what is used to grow shade-grown corojo wrapper tobacco. The seeds need a temperature of around 65 degrees (18 C) to germinate. The time of germination is about six to eight days. As the seedlings pop out of the ground they are intensively monitored. Weak and diseased seedlings, or those partially bitten by insects are rooted out, to give space to the heartier, luckier seedlings. Each seedling is checked daily. Veguros make many more seedlings than they can grow for their land, as the veguro can only select the best seedlings for transfer. Each square yard in the seedbeds produces enough seedlings for 200 square yards of farmland. A seedbed that is 100 yards long by 3 yards wide would produce enough seedlings so as to cover a field of farmland the size of a football field. | | |  | 
After six weeks pass, the seedlings gain a height of six to eight inches (15cm to 20cm), and are transplanted to the field, where they are delicately placed in the ground, having much care being taken to not destroy the fragile roots. | | |  | 
Crillio is a cross between Equatordorian-seed tobacco, and the old Cuban "black tobacco" plant. Crillio was developed in the early 1920's in Cuba. Sun-grown crillio tobacco cost much less to produce than shade-grown tobacco. Nevertheless, the cultivation process is intense. After each seedling is placed in the ground, the veguro constantly checks each and every plant. Daily, the plants are checked for insects, larvae, and eggs, which could eat the plants' leaves.
Furthermore, the leaves are checked for the dreaded "blue mold," the most feared plague that can befall a veguro. Once blue mold infests itself on a plant, the spores will quickly infect the entire field, leaving withered, useless plants. To compensate for this, veguros use potash as a fertilizer, which increases the crillio plant's resistance to blue mold. The nitrates in the potash encourage the plant's growth. Fungicides are applied to reduce the chance of blue mold; however, these efforts are often not enough. Botanists have been working for over a hundred years to decrease the instances of blue mold, and increase the tobacco plant's resistance to it. However, some of the resulting strains have not been as palatable as their less-resistant ancestors. Furthermore, these new strains of Cuban tobacco have generally been thicker, which has lead to a very troublesome situation. Since the tobacco is thicker, the torcedors (cigar rollers), have had an increasingly difficult problem dealing with the tobacco they roll. As the tobacco became thicker, the likelihood of a cigar having a tight draw increased dramatically. There was no way the torcedors could tell that the draw would be tight, because the cigar wouldn't feel hard, nor would the cigar weight too much, as the cigar would retain the proper weight. With the thicker tobacco, not only did draw problems increase, but the thicker tobacco created for many burn problems, as each type of tobacco in the blend had increasingly different rates of burn. The thicker leaves have allowed for increased retention of humidity in the leaves, making for cigars that have a poor burn. This tobacco has made for a frightening increase in plugged cigars, as the thick tobacco can twist too easily in the bunch, creating for a cigar that will not draw. Of cigars made in the early part of 2000 in Cuba, independent surveys have ascertained that about 20-40% of all cigars produced at that time in Cuba were impossible to smoke. Furthermore, the new strains of filler tobacco seed used in Cuba do not yield the same quality of leaves, and furthermore, the leaves are smaller. To make the problem even worse, the plants do not seem to yield the same quantity of liegero leaves, the leaves that give cigars their distinct flavor. This lack of ligero has changed the blend of many cigars, making for cigars that taste bland even when they are fresh, when they should taste young and somewhat harsh. When they are put side by side their counterparts of earlier production, which have mellowed greatly with age, these new Cuban cigars seem light and tasteless. The Camacho line of cigars uses only the original crillio strain of seed, even though it is a risky way to farm, it ensures a consistent quality product, year after year, because it utilizes the same type of seed, crillio, which remains the best seed to be used for filler and sun-grown wrappers.
To enhance the leaves flavor, unless the plant is being grown for seed, the buds that would develop into the flower of the plant are removed. This process, known in Spanish as desbotanar, which when directly translated means "deflowering." This process usually happens about four weeks after the plant is transferred to the field. Nevertheless, when it is seen, the sight of the flower of the tobacco plant is an attractive one indeed.
The plant reaches its maximum height of five feet in about six weeks after it is transplanted from the seedbeds. During the week or two after it stops growing upward, the leaves continue to increase in their size.
Then, the leaves are removed from the plant by hand in stages. During the first week of the harvest, the volado, the layer closest to the ground is removed, so it remains thin and somewhat dry. Volado has excellent burning properties, but often has little flavor. It is not too gummy, and has little resin. It can be used in cigars after a minimum of twelve months of aging after fermentation. Thinner cigars and cigarillos often use volado as the only type of filler tobacco. Cigars with a ring gauge that is less than 38 do not contain anything but volado. Only cigars that have a ring size of 42 or larger utilize multiple types of tobacco for filler. During the second week, the capote, the next layer up from the ground, is removed. The capote is used in the binder of the cigar, and typically needs to be aged a minimum of two years. The capote is generally thin, and also has good burning properties. In the third week, the seco is torn off from the plant. Seco and volado are typically used in milder cigars. Seco is what gives a cigar its subtle qualities. Seco needs at least eighteen months worth of aging before it can be used in cigars. During the fourth week, the all-important ligero is removed, and the stalk is cut down. Surprisingly, ligero, which means “light” in Spanish, when cured and fermented, is dark. Dark filler is the hallmark of a cigar packed with ligero, which will produce a full-flavored and powerful cigar. Of all of these types of leaves, if they are all healthy, the crillio plant can produce 16 leaves. Of all of these leaves, the ligero is the most important, due to the fact that it is exposed to the sun for a longer period of time than the other leaves, and hence, has the greatest amount of flavor that can be imparted to a cigar. | | |  | 
The like the crillio plant, the corojo plant is a cross between two types of the tobacco plant. Corojo was a type of seed that originated in Sumatra, but during the 1930's it was crossed with the Cuban "black tobacco" plant in Cuba and was adapted for use in Cuba. It remains to this day the best type of tobacco that can be used for a wrapper, and is currently used on Carribe's premier line of cigars, the Camacho Corojo marquee.
The wrapper is the most expensive part of the cigar, and corojo wrapper is even more expensive to produce. While it is no more than 10% of a cigar by its weight, the wrapper accounts for 70% of a cigar's cost. Wrapper tobacco must be inspected more closely and more thoroughly than filler tobacco, because the slightest hole bored into the leaf by an insect, or the slights tear, will cause for the leaf to be rejected as wrapper leaf, and used instead as filler. The best veguros in the world can only have 60% of their shade-grown leaves to qualify as wrapper tobacco. The average veguro is able to get 20% of his leaves to qualify as wrapper. For traditional sun-grown wrapper tobacco grown in Cuba, Connecticut, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Nicaragua, the acceptance rate for leaves to be used as wrapper is at most, a mere 5%. Furthermore, the corojo strain of the plant has become increasingly susceptible to the infamous blue mold. This has become such a problem that the Cubans have mandated discontinuation of corojo cultivation. The Cubans replaced it first with the genetically engineered Havana-92 strain, which produced dry, chunky, unappealing, cardboard-like wrappers that did not burn evenly. Furthermore, their taste and body were unlike the old corojo. Due to the unwanted results, the Cubans made the situation even worse by switching to another type of seed. The Cubans proceeded to replace the Havana-92 strain, with the Havana-2000 strain (which is not to be confused with the Habanos 2000 strain, which is currently being produced in Nicaragua). Havana 2000 was genetically engineered from a cross between the corojo strain and the American Bell-77 strain of tobacco. Bell-77 is a form of tobacco very resistant to blue mold, but it is a type of tobacco intended for cigarettes. Havana-2000 produced unpredictable results, which for the most part were unappetizing. To add insult to injury, a new strain of blue mold appeared in Cuba that Havana-2000 was particularly susceptible to. Currently, the Cubans are using a new strain, called Crillio-98, however the results have been mixed. As it stands with the Cuban tobacco industry, thing are very unstable, so combined with the variations of the types of tobacco used, Cuban cigars have become highly unpredictable, as the tobacco in cigars can vary greatly, not just from box to box, but from cigar to cigar in a given box! Like the crillio seeds Carribe tobacco uses, the corojo seeds that is used for the Camacho Corojo line are the same exact seeds that were used for the Cuban cigars during their heyday of the 1950's. As is stands today, Carribe uses better seeds than the Cubans do! While this poses a huge economic risk, Carribe does all they can to produce a consistent and attractive line of cigars, which taste simply excellent.
Shade-grown corojo is grown under vast cheesecloth tents, called tapados. The cheesecloth filters the harsh mid-day tropical sunlight, so that the plant can develop leaves that have a fine texture, or tooth, as it is called, so that they are not veiny, and will make for an attractive, and elastic cigar wrapper. If a wrapper leaf is too veiny, it is difficult to be used even on the cheapest cigars, as it will have an uneven elasticity, likely resulting in a torn wrapper after the wrapper is applied and dries. The process of using these tents and maintaining these tents is extremely expensive.
The shade-grown corojo plant typically has the same rate of growth as the crillio plant, maturing in about 45-85 days. Like the crillio plant, four weeks after it has been transplanted to the fields, corojo undergoes desbotanar, so as to prevent the plant's leaves growth from being stunted.
Just like the crillio plant, the leaves are removed in stages. 45 days into the growth in the fields, the leaves are pruned from bottom, to the top. First, the three leaves that are closest to the ground, which are classified as the libre de pie are removed. Then, during the second week of the process, the next three leaves, called the uno y medio are removed. In the third week of the harvest, the three leaves comprising the 1st centro ligero are removed. During the fourth week, the next two leaves, the 2nd centro liegero are removed. In the fourth week, the two leaves of the centro fino are plucked from the plant. The leaves that remain absorb all the nutrients that would otherwise go to the other leaves, become much richer in body, and become thicker. The following week, the two leaves fifth stage, called the centro gordo are removed. Finally, during the sixth week, the remaining two leaves, the coronas, also known as "crowns," are removed, and the stalk is cut down. Only the extremely veiny libre de pie cannot be used for wrappers. Ideally, the plant could provide enough leaves for 32 cigar wrappers, but usually only six or seven are good enough for wrappers. The best wrappers come from the middle part of the plant, however maduro wrappers often come from the coronas, as the leaves, after fermentation produce dark, oily and thick wrappers. | | |  | 
When each type of leaves are harvested, they are tied in bundles of 25, called a gavilla, or hand. Shade-grown corojo leaves are immediately given one of the six following classifications, upon their arrival at the curing barn: liegero (light), seco (dry), viso (glossy), amarillo (yellow), medio tiempo (half texture), and quebrado (broken). Sun grown crillio is broken down into to volado, seco, ligero, and medio tiempo catagories. The leaves undergo two more assessments. The first assessment is a check, which separates the healthy, leaves from the broken and unhealthy ones. The rejected leaves are set aside, and later cured, but can only go to be used in machine-made cigar or cigarette production. The remaining leaves are sorted by size, and are taken into the curing barn, or known in Spanish as “las casas de tabaco,” for air curing. These barns must be built in an east-west direction, so as to ensure that the sun only shines on the ends of the building in the cool hours following sunrise, and the hours before sunset. This prevents the barn from overheating, which will adversely affect the cigar tobacco. Temperature and humidity are constantly monitored to ensure a stable curing period. In the normal, sunny and hot weather of the tropics, the barns are hermetically sealed, unless the temperature or the humidity inside the barn rises to temperatures too high for curing tobacco.
The leaves are sown together using a threading machine developed in the Connecticut Valley, which strings about 50 to 55 pairs of leaves of the same type together. These leaves are then attached to a cuje, a curing rod, and is placed on a rack where the leaves hang to dry, or ‘cure’ as it is called in the business.
The curing process takes about 50 days, and during curing, the leaves slowly change from their original verdant green color, to a bright yellow, and finally to a light brown. Because tobacco is harvested in stages, the barn will have a spectrum of colors, as the fresher leaves will contrast with the older ones, which have ripened. Each leaf is checked by hand, almost daily to ensure that they are curing properly, and do not attract pests and/or mold.
The curing process for cigar tobacco is quite different than the one used for cigarette tobacco in the United States. Cigarette tobacco is "flue-cured," which gives it a light, blond-ish, yellow color. Flue-curing involves the use of a stove in the barn, which is used round the clock, to cause the air to become extremely hot, which makes the leaves retain much of their tars, ammonia, and nicotine. Flue-curing takes much less time than traditional curing. In Cuba, so as to increase production, and so as to have two growing seasons for tobacco, the Cubans have begun to install heaters in their barns, for use at night, creating “semi-flue-cured” tobacco. The Cubans, in doing this, are trying to rush their product to market, and in doing so, have drastically changed the nature of their product, which has been to the detriment of the quality of their cigars. When the cured leaves are finally removed from las casas, they are then transported to the factory. | | |  | 
The tobacco's first stop in the factory is in the escogida, or the grading room. The leaves have already been sorted by their type, and they are then sorted by their class (low quality, medium quality, high quality, etc.), and then by color. From there, they are tied in bundles of fifty, and begin the fermentation process. Unlike cigarette tobacco, which is just flue-cured, and then goes into making cigarettes in short order, cigar tobacco undergoes a process, which radically changes the chemical makeup and properties of the leaves. The leaves are put into cylindrical piles, called pilones, which are about three feet high. The leaves, which are not completely dry, have enough moisture in them, or will be exposed to enough moisture in the humid tropical climate, to undergo fermentation. This process, which lasts about 30 days, causes the leaves to assume a temperature of 95 degrees (35 C), and the temperature encourages the growth of bacteria that reduces the oiliness of the leaves, which causes the leaves to have a more uniform, but darker color. Care must be take to ensure that the temperature does not rise above 95 degrees (35 C), because if it does, it will cause the leaves to become too dry, too dark, and will cause them to retain too much of their tars and nicotine.
After the first fermentation is complete, the leaves are moistened in two different ways. Wrapper leaves are moistened with regular water, while filler and binder is doused with a solution made up of shredded tobacco stems and water. During both of these processes, the leaves are not moistened too much, because too much moisture will cause the leaves to rot. The leaves are sorted once more, based on quality and whether or not they were properly fermented, and their stems are then ripped out, and they are sorted again based on size, color, texture, and type.
Then the leaves are bundled together again, and are put into even larger piles, called burros. To reach the high temperatures necessary for proper fermentation, these piles, called burros are six feet high. They are exposed to a much higher temperature, usually 108 degrees (42 C), for a much longer period of time, which can be up to 60 days. The leaves on the outside are rotated with those on the inside to ensure even fermentation. This process is monitored even more closely than the first fermentation process, because if the middle of the burro goes above 108 degrees, the leaves become abnormally dark, and their flavor profile becomes radically different. Sometimes the leaves are exposed to higher temperatures for even longer periods of time. These leaves are typically wrapper leaves, and these wrapper leaves almost always are maduro (dark brown) or oscuro (black). Many oscuro wrappers produced for the US market use a process called “cooking,” where the fermenting leaves are placed as bundles in an oven that is heated to 120 degrees, creating a wrapper that is dark as night itself.
Each fermentation reduces the ammonia, tar, acidity, and nicotine content of the leaves, which enhances both flavor and aroma. This makes cigar tobacco much more pleasant to smoke than cigarette tobacco. The nicotine content decreases anywhere from 10 to 90 percent. After fermentation, the tobacco leaves are hung on racks for about a week. These racks are similar to the racks that were used in curing, which lets the tobacco rest for a bit. The leaves are then fumigated by being put in a vacuum chamber, which terminates the lives of any larvae, eggs, or pests that may reside in the leaves. Finally, they are packed into solid bales where the tobacco ages in a dark, cool part of the factory. This aging process can last anywhere from 12 months for inexpensive cigar filler, or can take up to five years for the wrapper tobacco used on the Ashton VSG and Arturo Fuente Opus X cigars. This aging process further enhances the flavor of the tobacco, and the remaining ammonia and volatile organic chemicals, which can make cigars unpleasant, degrade by a chemical process that to this day is not precisely understood, and eventually disappear. The bales of tobacco are constantly checked for pests and mold. "El borador," better known as the tobacco beetle can turn a bale of tobacco leaves into mere dust in less than a week. The bales are checked for mold and rot, which can also destroy the tobacco, making it brittle and unfit for use in cigars, or over-wet, flimsy and unsmokeable. Having to age the tobacco for such a long time causes the price of cigar tobacco to become far more expensive, ounce for ounce, than cigarette tobacco.
Once the aging process is complete, the tobacco is ready to be used to make cigars. The leaves are graded once more, separated by type, quality, and color, again. Leaves are thoroughly checked for rot, spots, breaks, and holes. Following the grading of the leaves, the leaves go to a small group of people who are the blenders. These people know what sorts of leaves go into the blend of the cigar. Blenders maintain of consistency from cigar to cigar, box to box. Blenders will use so much of a certain grade of a certain type of tobacco, of a certain type of leaf, of a certain color, from a particular farm for each cigar. So much liegero, so much volado, so much seco, a certain binder, and a certain shade of a certain wrapper go into each cigar. The precise blends are usually known by a mere handful of people, and the secret of the blend is about as secret as Coca-Cola's formula. Typically cigar manufacturers will keep a stock of approximately four to five year stock of tobacco blends on hand, lest a natural disaster destroy a year's crop.
After the leaves are blended, the leaves are then sent to be thoroughly moistened, and are then sent to the factory floor.
The job of the cigar roller, or torcedor is arguably the hardest of any worker in the process. Hand-made cigars are a very labor-intensive process. It typically takes a torcedor a year to roll a cigar properly, typically the petit corona. Before someone can roll anything somewhat complex, like a robusto or a lonsdale, it takes at least five years. Before someone can produce anything like a perfecto, a lancero, a churchill, or a torpedo, it takes at least ten years. For something like a diadema, or an "A" sized cigar it usually takes something on the order of fifteen to twenty years experience as a torcedor to roll these cigars properly. Torcedors typically specialize in only one type of cigar. Torcedors typically make one type of one brand of cigar each day. A good torcedor can only produce 75 to 150 cigars a day, depending on the type of cigar. The torcedor typically has no idea of what brand of cigar they are to make. The blenders give the torcedor a certain amount of leaves that will be enough for one day's worth of production. The torcedors do not roll the filler of the cigar. Instead they "book" the cigar's filler. They fold the leaves over each other, and create tiny canals between each of the leaves in the bunch so the cigar can draw. Then the binder is rolled onto the cigar. For thicker cigars, sometimes a rubber band or a ring is attached to the area around where the foot of the cigar is to be, so as to prevent the bunch from splitting apart. Care must be taken with every step to ensure that the bunch is not overfilled, creating a cigar that is too tight and downright impossible to smoke, or undefiled, so that the cigar burns as fast as a fuse. Care must also be taken to ensure that the inner leaves of the bunch do not become twisted, as this will cause the cigar to have a cigar that is "plugged," or unable to draw. The cigar's bunch is then placed in a mold, which can be many different things. For all of the figurados that Carribe produces in Honduras, they use molds of pre-cut paper to form the bunch into a consistent shape. Before the invention of the cigar mold in Germany in the 1880’s, if a consistent size was desired, this was how all cigars were made. Parajos, or straight-sided cigars are placed into wooden molds, that contain room for anything from five to twenty five bunches. Figurados can use molds, and many companies use wooden molds for figurados. Some companies do not use any molds at all, creating cigars that look somewhat different, from cigar to cigar, creating the sort of look that cigars had in the 1800's, before the invention of the cigar mold. The bunches remain in the mold for anywhere from 15-60 minutes.
They are then removed from the mold, and the wrapper is rolled onto the cigar. The wrapper is rolled onto the cigar with the side containing the veins not visible, and then the wrapper is kept in place with a little bit of vegetable gum, that acts like a sort of glue, holding the cigar together. The cigar is then cut to its proper length in a guillotine. A piece of the wrapper that was cut off from the rest of the cigar by the guillotine is set aside, and cut into a circular shape, with the half-moon knife that torcedors use called a chaveta. This then is applied to the head of the cigar to serve as the cigar's cap. To hold this piece of wrapper in place, a small amount of vegetable gum is dabbed onto the cap, which sometimes makes for an ever-so-slight discoloration. The torcedor places the cigar on a tray on their bench, and when fifty cigars are completed, they are bundled together in a media-ruida, or half-wheel, due to the bundle's similarity in appearance to a wheel. At the end of the day, the completed cigars are taken away to the back room, and the torcedor affixes their name to the media-ruida. To keep the torcedors’ minds busy, as the work can be very tedious, a lector de tabaqueria reads out the day's events from the newspaper, so torcedors are generally very well read people. During the two Cuban Wars for Independence from Spain, the Spanish king outlawed the practice of the lector, as the information in the newspapers made many a Cuban to think and rise up against the Spanish crown. Samuel Gompers, who was torcedor in the United States in the 1870’s, was a lector, keeping himself and his co-workers well appraised of the days events. To gain better pay, he and his co-workers founded the union, which was to become the AFL-CIO, here in the US. When the lector is not reading newspapers, the lector often reads from books and plays, often the works of Spanish writers such as Cerevantes, and translations of books by Dickens and plays Shakespeare. It is no wonder that two famous brands of cigars, Sancho Panza and Romeo y Julietta come from characters of literature and plays which were read to the torcedors.
In the back room, the media-ruidas are weighed to ensure that the bundle of 25 or 50 cigars has the right weight, and that they are neither over- nor under-filled. If they have the incorrect weight, usually the value of the cigars which have the incorrect weight are deducted from the workers pay. However other factories take a harder stance to imperfection. At Tabaclara Perdomo in Nicaragua, the employee goes on a ten-day period of unpaid leave. After the aging room, they are taken to fumigation, where the cigars are once again exposed either to a vacuum, or a period of freezing and gradual thawing. This is intended to eliminate the presence of laisoderma serrone, also known as "el preforador." Should cigars become infested with el preforador, it's hasta la vista for those perforated cigars. While many have scoffed at the idea of freezing cigars, because it might "impact the cigar's flavor," test after test has shown that there was no change in the cigar’s flavor, if humidity is kept above 70% for the duration of the freezing and thawing.
From there, the cigars go to the aging room, where the media-ruidas are placed in cedar cabinets called escaparates. Each factory ages their cigars for a certain amount of time. The Fuentes typically age their cigars for at least a year, with the Don Carlos and Hemmingway lines undergoing a eighteen month period of aging, and the Opus X, Anejo, Diamond Crown, and Ashton VSG lines undergoing an aging period of two years. Most cigars made by Altadis undergo an aging period at the factory of six months, and end up undergoing about a year's aging by the time they hit the shelves, as they are first transported by ship from the Dominican Republic, and then transported to the stores by ground. Carribe's cigars undergo an aging period of six weeks, which is sufficient to dry out the cigars, as the cigars straight off the bench are somewhat wet, and will burn and taste differently. Carribe’s cigars also get a good deal of aging in during transport by ship from Honduras to Florida. Cuba, however in a rush to get it's product to market in the shortest amount of time, ages their cigars only two to three weeks, before they are sent to stores in Europe and Canada by air. It is not uncommon for one to find a box of Cuban cigars in Europe that were rolled the previous month! Many times these fresh cigars cannot draw, not because they were overfilled, or were rolled too tightly, but because of over-humidification during shipping (due to fears of the cigars drying out during air freight), leaving the cigar's filler literally wet to the touch! Furthermore, cigars need to age at least a year. Cigars are best smoked during the first three months after they are rolled, or a year after they are rolled. During that nine-month period, known to aficionados as "the sick period," cigars are relatively tasteless compared to the brash young cigars, and the much more refined cigars that have been aged a year or more. From the one-year mark on, cigars will get more refined as time goes by. Typically the flavor peaks after about five years for cigars from the Dominican Republic and Mexico, and peaks at fifteen years for cigars from anywhere other than the Dominican Republic and Mexico. Practically every single cigar available on the shelves of tobacconists in the US has been properly aged, and "the sick period" is something that only people who smoke Cuban cigars should worry about.
The rezagador's room is the next stop on the cigar's itinerary, as the rezagador sorts the wrappers of the cigars according to a color designation. There are 64 different shades that the cigars are sorted by. Wrappers on cigars from a typical, professionally run cigar factory will be fairly consistent within a box. The cigars are lined up according to color, the ones with wrappers that are slightly lighter on the right, the ones with darker wrappers on the left.
From there, the cigars are taken on a pallet to the person who affixes a band to the cigar. The bands are all lined up, and from there, the cigars are put in cellophane, and from there, they are placed in boxes, put in a climate-controlled container, and travel by ship to their destination. | |
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